Saturday, January 25, 2020

The determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of enterprise

The determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of enterprise INTRODUCTION Alfred Chandler a business strategy theorist in the area of business defines strategy as The determination of the basic, long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for these goals (Chandler, 1962:13). By White (2004) in a simple definition says Strategy is regarded as a unifying idea which links purpose and action. In that case strategy combines the communication of human goals and the organisation of human activity to achieve those goals. The concept of strategies business organization provides the means for it to generate income and competitive advantage by the persistent development and bringing new products into the market. For companies to be in competitive advantage it has to focus on meeting and supplying products to meet the rapid changing needs of the customers (White,2004) .This proves the reason companies give the idea of new product introduction (NPI) appropriate consideration. New Product Introduction is a project without a guaranteed success but yet an expensive one. The company has to consider the market in which they are competing, the nature of the competition and how their capabilities will enable their products to be successful (White,2004). New Production Introduction generally entails innovation, that involves the modification of an existing product. Innovation is an essential accepts of all New Product Introduction projects and it involves a lot risk taking. New Product Introduction entails creativity, experimentations and analysis, that require a huge amount of finance (Baker and Hart 2007; Allen and Hamilton 1968). In order ways, to achieve a high successful rate in New Product Introduction, we have to manage innovation properly. The New Product Introduction in companies has to adopt a good strategy for the company to achieve a corporate strategic objective. The help of good corporate strategy facilitates the New Product Introduction strategy for an organized business performance (Baker and Hart 2007). A companys organized business strategy entails high creativity of innovation and technological drive with risk engagement. The relationship between NPI strategies and business performance was identified by Copper (2001) with the three points of business new products performance which are; High-quality new product process Resource commitment New product strategy Cooper (2004) establishes that business performance is directly proportional to the introduction of new product performance which is dependent on the strategy employed. Here are list of New Product Introduction strategies that a company could use: The Differentiated Strategy: Differentiated strategy is the process that involves market aggressiveness, high technological approach, and quality price. This Strategy involves a percentage of 15.6% of manufacturing companies. In this strategy the companies are liable to maximize their competitive advantage in the market. Differentiated strategy is said to have a brilliant success rate (Anderson and Smith 2010). The Low Budget, Conservative Strategy: Companies that adopt this strategy usually favour a low RD budget and undifferentiated products (Anderson and Smith 2009). The Technology-push Strategy: The strategy here is pre-occupied with technological development and they lose focus of their market demands. Here, their success rate is fairly average. This strategy is mostly seen within the dot-com companies mostly in the late 90s (Anderson and Smith 2010). High-budget diverse Strategy: High-budget diverse strategy is considered as a high, and unfocussed RD budget. The strategy is related to the technology-push strategy. The Not-in-the-game Strategy: The Not-in-the-game strategy has a careful, favouring low risk, low technology products. Its goal is attained by low product performance. It is concluded that the differentiated strategy provides the most excellent business performance in the market (Anderson and Smith 2010). COMPANY BACKGROUD The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company refreshing consumers with more than 500 sparkling and still brands. Along with coca-cola, recongized as the worlds most valuable brands, including Diet coke, fanta, sprite, coca-cola zero, vitamins water, Powerade minute maid, simply and Georgia coffee. Globally, we are the number 1 provider of sparking beverages, juice and juice drinks and ready-to-drink teas and coffees. COCA-COLA CHINA Coca-Cola China is one of the most well known international brands in china, with a leading position in the soft drinks market. Since re-entering china in 1979, coca-cola has invested more than US$ 2 billion in the local market. By the end of October 2009, china business unit has established a total of 39 bottling plants. MARKET, COMPETITORS AND CUSTOMERS The beverage market is a very competitive one, due to the low barriers to entry, also the tendency of replication is high and the rate of changing trend because of the switch in customer feedback on a exact product is high. NPI STRATEGY The NPI strategy coca-cola used was the differentiated strategy. The new products are brought into the market by knowing what the customer wants in a specific time and place, which enhances a target market. New products could be accomplished by the process of market trend and recognition of a market place. The success rate of a product is achieved by the market target (Graham et al, 1993). The improvement of the new ultra-light bottle is the peak of its size in the Chinese beverage market and has reduced the carbon footprint by 30%. Thereby helping it be an environmentally friendly in the terms of the global green effect, the bottle is designed in a way that it can be simply be twisted and compressed after consumption, in that process it saves more than 70% of the space needed while the bottle makes it way to recycling(Coca-cola, 2010) Shown in Fig 1 is the sustainable packagin Fig 1: Shown is a sustainable packaging MARKET RESEARCH AND PRODUCT CONCEPTS Trott. P(2005) says that new product strategy is part of a web of strategies. It is linked to, and its objectives are derived from, marketing strategy, technology strategy and the overall strategy. During a general market research, coca-cola discovered a target market, within which the consumers required their beverages in bottles no longer in plastic bottles. At the moment, ultra-thin classic contour glass bottle are in demand in the market. The ultra glass bottle has found a clear product idea. PRODUCT DESIGN The new ultra glass bottles are small but still contain the same content. The bottles are 40% stronger, 20 percent lighter and 10 percent less expensive than the traditional contour bottles. The challenges of the new ultra glass bottle were packaged to step up innovation in soft drinks. Packaging to bring the latest technology. PRODUCT LAUNCH The new ultra glass bottle was launched in 2000. DIAGRAMOF THE PRODUCT RESULTS Trott, P(2005) says a successful brand combines an effective product, distinctive identity and added value as perceived by customers. Coca-cola china undertook a sustainable packaging rest analysis with its bottling partners to inform new packing solution. We have reduced the glass we use in our packaging by approximately 11,000 tons by adopting ultra glass technology through responsible manufacturing and redesign efforts. CONCLUSION Coca-Cola company china was established to gain competitive advantage and boost their business performance. The author carefully analysed the strategy used in coca-cola for the new production introduction was successful and it was market intensive. According to Miles and Snow the business strategy used by coca-cola was the Defenders. Coca-cola did not only invest in RD and the market research respectively, their strategy path was focused. In the sense that the direction or flow of the decision making were in line with the clearly defined product, target market, processes and resources needed. RECOMMENDATION Before developing an NPI strategy, take into consideration the companys capabilities and most importantly the overall corporate strategy of the company. The use of a product innovation character, said by Crawford (1997:65) as a document that gives the conditions under which an organisation will operate, will be of great benefit to company, because it specifies the objective to be achieved.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Bsn vs Associate Degree in Nursing Essay

Nursing is a knowledge based discipline, which focuses on the wholeness of human being. (Faucett, 1933. ) As per definition nurses are playing great role in modern medicine, either with an associate degree or as bachelor of nursing degree. Both, with the same licensure, the Registered Nurse. Nurse. The Associate dDegree nNurse(ADN) takes a shorter path of two years where the BSN takes longer one with 4 years of education to complete the degree. When we compare the data collected by various groups of nursing professionals, it is evident that the mortality rate, medication errors and patient outcomes are largely improved with high number of BSN onboard. The ADNAssociate degree nurse program was introduced to minimize the nursing shortage during post, second world warSecond World War. Even though The Goldmark report in 1923 recommended that the entry level of education for professional practice as a registered nurse should be a bachelorBachelor of Science in nursing (BSN), the new Associate degree nurse programs, gained much popularity among health care settings, and continuesprograms, gained much popularity among health care settings, and continue even today. Associate degree nursing programs are more to task oriented, where BSN program is based on theory and research. The needs of patients are changing on a daily basis, the need for higher education for nurses is in great demand.. Nurses are advocates of patient population, so be prepared to have the knowledge to help them, in preventive medicine, risk reduction, disease management, public health and over all provide a safe environment as per Nightingales theory of environment. When you compare work of an associate degree nurse with a BSN on a daily basis you could see the differences of approaches between associate degree nurse and a BSN. In this author’s experience, an associate degree nurse is well oriented to practical side of nursing, which is well evidenced. When comes to a patient with MRSA infection of an amputated limp site, the Associate degree nurse, is quick to get the patient pain meds, help with positioning, dressing changes, and maintains a clean environment, maintains contact isolation and provided emotional support. Whereas the BSN is there to teach the patient and family about prevention of infection, promotion of healing by correct diet choices, increasing activity and maintain the previous activity level, and prevent progression of infection and further loss. Also coordinated the care with dietary, physical therapy, occupational therapy, social services and case management services etc, thus provided the patient a smooth transition to the new life as a right above knee amputee. The BSN did investigate about the support groups, prosthesis options, family dynamics, and so on. In this situation one could clearly see the different ways of an associate nurse in their scope of practice vsvs. BSN performed through evidence based nursing practices. The expectation to the future of nursing is that, nurse should be capable of maintaining a patient’s over all well being, mentally, physically, socially and emotionally. One could obtain those qualities through proper education and adapting multiple ways of thinking. The ability of clinical reasoning is very important. The clinical picture of patient is changing, always ask yourself, why, what and how. Why the clinical picture is changing, what are the causes, and how can we correct that. For this we have to understand the metaparadigm of nursing, explained by the founders of nursing. A nurse also should have the clinical imagination, scientific and creative reasoning. The new age of nursing is characterized by a synthesis of facts and ideas that generate principles and theories. (Rogers,1994) . One could only achieve that by advancing one’s education to a higher level. Once you reach that level, the horizon is wide; you could further advance your studies to masters programs, nurse practitioner in various disciplines, go for doctorate programs etc. etc. In a study report from International Jjournal of nursingof Nursing sStudies, June 2009, headed by Dr. Kkoen Van den Heede found a major link between the number of BSN on cardiac care units and hospital mortality. Data analyzed from different countries including Canada, Belgium, Netherlands and USA. The result showed there were 4. 9 percentages fewer deaths per 1000 patients on intensive care units with higher number of nurses with BSN degree. Linda Aiken and her associates, in their Landmark study in 2003 showed a strong connection between the educational level of registered nurses and patient outcomes. Substantial survival advantage noted specially in surgical patient population. , Even as little as 10% increase in the BSN degree holders make a difference in patient death and failure to rescue by 5%. A highly educated nursing work force is essential to the future of nursing. In short, the medial world is changing, so as the patient. So it is imperative that, the nursing work force should change to meet the needs of future health care. So here the transition from associate degree nurse to BSN is much more appreciated and welcomed. Reference: -The reference page is a separate page. This is not APA format. Creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce (fact Sheet) Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media/factsheets/nursingwrkf. htm: Retrieved on 01/06/2012 from Creasia & Friberge, The Bridge to Professional Practice, Conceptual foundations 5th edition.

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Presidential Birth Requirements Natural Born Citizen

The presidential birth requirements in the U.S. Constitution require anyone elected  to serve as U.S. president or vice president be a natural born citizen. What that means is only those people who are U.S. citizens at birth and did not have to go through the naturalization process are eligible to serve in the highest office in the land. It does not mean that a president must have been born on U.S. soil to serve, even though there has never been a U.S. president born outside one of the 50 U.S. states. What Natural Born Means The confusion over presidential birth requirements centers on two terms: natural-born citizen and native-born citizen. Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution doesnt say anything about being a native-born citizen, but instead states: No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. There is no similar requirement, however, to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court, in either chamber of Congress or in the presidents cabinet. Some believe the provision on presidential birth requirements was an attempt to foreign dominance of U.S. government, particularly the military and the position of commander-in-chief, which had not yet been merged with presidency at the time the Constitution was being drafted. Citizenship Status and Bloodline Most Americans believe that the term natural born citizen applies only  to someone born on American soil. That is incorrect. Citizenship is not based on geography alone; it can also be based on blood. The citizenship status of the parents can determine citizenship of a child in the United States. The term natural born citizen applies to the child of at least one parent who is an American citizen. Children whose parents are American citizens are not required to be naturalized because they are natural born citizens. Therefore, they are eligible to serve as president, even if they are born in a foreign country. The Constitutions use of the term natural born citizen is somewhat vague. The document does not actually define it. Most modern legal interpretations have concluded that you can be a natural born citizen without actually being born in one of the 50 United States. The Congressional Research Service  concluded in 2011: The weight of legal and historical authority indicates that the term natural born citizen would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship by birth or at birth, either by being born in the United States and under its jurisdiction, even those born to alien parents;  The predominant legal scholarship holds that the term natural born citizen applies, quite simply, to anyone who is a U.S. citizen at birth, or by birth, and does not have to go through the naturalization process. The  child  of parents who are U.S. citizens, regardless of whether he or she is born abroad, fits into the category under most modern interpretations. American case law also includes as natural born citizens those born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction regardless of the citizenship status of one’s parents. It is important to note that the U.S. Supreme Court  has not weighed in specifically on this issue. Questioning Citizenship The issue of natural born citizenship has come up in more than one presidential campaign. In the 2008 presidential race Republican U.S. Senator John McCain of Arizona, the partys presidential nominee, was the subject of lawsuits challenging his eligibility because he was born in the  Panama Canal Zone, in 1936. A federal district court in California determined that  McCain would qualify as a citizen â€Å"at birth.† This means that he was a natural born citizen because he was born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States† to  parents who were U.S. citizens at the time. Republican U.S. Senator Ted Cruz, a Tea Party favorite who unsuccessfully sought his partys presidential nomination in 2016, was born in Calgary, Canada. Because his mother was a citizen of the United States, Cruz has maintained he also is a natural-born citizen of the United States.   In the 1968 presidential campaign, Republican George Romney faced similar questions. He was born in Mexico to parents who were born in Utah before their emigration to Mexico in the 1880s. Though they were married in Mexico in 1895, both retained U.S. citizenship. I am a natural born citizen. My parents were American citizens. I was a citizen at birth, Romney said in a written statement in his archives. Legal scholars and researchers sided with Romney at the time. There were many conspiracy theories about former President Barack Obamas place of birth. His detractors including Donald Trump, who went on to become president after Obama completed two terms, believed that he was born in Kenya rather than Hawaii. However, it wouldnt have mattered which country his mother gave birth in. She was an American citizen and that means that Obama was at birth, too.   Time to End Presidential Birth Requirements? Some critics of the natural born citizen requirement have called for a repeal of the provision and say its removal from American politics would render moot the racist and xenophobic debate over a candidates place of birth. Noah Feldman, a professor of law at Harvard University and former clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Souter, has written that repealing the natural born citizen requirement would send a strong pro-immigration message. The clause hasn’t done us any identifiable good in U.S. history. No dangerous potential candidate has been headed off by being born abroad, he wrote. But it has done a lot of harm - in the form of the birther conspiracy about Barack Obama to which Donald Trump gave life, and which hasn’t disappeared.

Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Educational Information on Gangs and their Negative Impact...

Being in a gang requires severe commitment. It is required that all gang members be loyal to the gang and obedient when given orders. If these requirements are not kept then the result is usually physical violence. Gang members are tested frequently to prove that they are loyal to the gang by breaking the law and sometimes even violent offenses. This process is type of brain washing. The longer an individual is a member of the gang, the less they think independently. Gangs frequently socialize and even recruit youth that live in the gangs neighborhood and who attend the local public schools. Gangs target the youths that are eager to belong or easily talked into doing tasks for the gang. These gangs take advantage of the hardships these youths experience while growing up. Unfortunately this type of life is chosen at a critical time in the individuals life when they are at the point where their peers have a big influence on their personal decisions. In recent years gangs have began to recruit younger members mainly due to the fact that they are easily influenced and usually receive lesser punishments. Upon joining a gang new members are subject to a process of socialization. This opposes many of the norms and morals of the majority of society. Once new members become accepted and trusted then they begin to participate in criminal activities. This process is a part of social learning. This is a very important step in gang socialization. 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Monday, December 16, 2019

The Ideals of Fdr Free Essays

FDR: The Great American President Jacob WagmanProfessor Christy ChapinHIST102Due: 25OCT12 Franklin Delano Roosevelt is easily the best president of his era. He had the single best approach to the economic problems and social problems that followed the economic problems of the time. Many people would say that he couldn’t make decisions for himself because of how he was constantly changing his ideas but in truth, his plan was to do whatever it took to work and he was going to make something work. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ideals of Fdr or any similar topic only for you Order Now In case it was not known, FDR was a fighter. He never gave up on the USA or stepped down even after being stricken by polio. A lot of his ideas came from his â€Å"brain trust† which was comprised of many advisors of all different back rounds and political beliefs. He was constantly keeping the American people informed with the state of the government and economy through a new invention popularly known as the radio. He would go out of his way to help the banks and would do anything to dig the US out of the pit that Hoover had dug and did nothing really to dig them out other than laying the foundation for FDR to bring America back from the brink of complete collapse. Using the foundation laid by Hoover many Administrations, Acts, and even some Corporations were put in place and somewhere welcomed and others weren’t, but FDR took all of the success and failures and made sure it worked out for the American people and the world when WWII came around. His foreign policy in WWII was very much respected and still is today because FDR would not let the crimes of others go unpunished. All in all everything FDR did was for the best of this country and the way he handled WWII both domestically and overseas. When FDR was elected into office he was left with quite a mess left by Herbert Hoover, but Hoover had left a very nice foundation to start FDR’s famous â€Å"New Deal. † Programs during this time focused on trying very hard to help bring the US out of the Great Depression by working on reform, recovery, and relief efforts. Many of the programs put together by FDR came from his â€Å"brain trust† which was FDR’s circle of advisors which ranged from democrats to republicans and even to progressives. This is why it seemed like his ideals were always changing because he was trying to here from verybody to see which would work best to pull the US out of the muck. He started with starting a bank holiday in which every bank in the US was forced to close so that government officials could come into each of the banks and decide if the banks were suited to re-open for public use. In order to guarantee the money people put into the bank for safe keeping, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was created and this gained the public’s usage of the banks again because they could not possibly lose their money because of a bank failing because the government backed up the money 100%. The Securities and Exchange Commission Act was also implemented to regulate the stock market so that another stock market crash could be avoided. Many people disagreed with these economic policies but if they were alive they could see that these two government sectors are still in use today because of how effective they have been throughout the years. FDR’s next goal was to provide jobs for all the people who were unemployed, which was about 25% of the entire population. Programs to fix this problem were such like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which hired young adults around 18 to plants tress and help the National Parks, the Public Works Administration (PWA), which contracted with private businesses to build roads, schools, hospitals, and other government-esc buildings, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TWA), which was set up to build dams along the Tennessee River, and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which was an administration that directly hired people and also white collar workers such as teachers and nurses, and they also trained unskilled workers so they could perform specific tasks. Looking back nobody could even argue with these programs because it provided thousands of jobs for the unemployed which did much more good than bad. There was some controversy over the TWA forcing people out of their houses but it was for the good of the entire Tennessee River Valley so it was more necessary than anything. , Many programs were welcomed with open arms like the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) which tried to lower the foreclosure rate and made more long term mortgage loans that made owning a house more possible, but there were programs like the National Recovery Administration (NRA) which wanted to eliminate competition so all businesses could thrive, but it ailed very oorly because the little businesses were still eaten alive by the bigger companies, and another unpopular program was the Resettlement Administration (aka Federal Security Administration), tried to make farming more like the USSR in which farming was more collective and controlled by the government but the program was met by much resistance both from Farmer’s and the Chamber of Commerce. But if it had not been for these failure than FDR would not have been able to come up with the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), which was the government paying farmers not to produce so that the goods on the market could be purchased at a slightly higher price to attempt to stimulate the economy. At first the Supreme Court shot down the AAA, but it was later brought back by congress in 1938 because it actually helped farmers and made them happy. During the start of WWII when it was strictly in Europe and China, the USA became extremely isolationist to the point where they even pulled out of Haiti and Nicaragua so that they were involved in as little foreign conflict as possible. The USA even refused to sell weapons to Great Britain and France because they didn’t want to risk getting pulled into another World War again. While the war kept going on the USA passed acts such as the Neutrality Acts which banned US citizens from traveling on ships from foreign nations that were in war with another country and they banned selling weapons to foreign nations. FDR pleaded with congress to allow the USA to at least attempt to assist the allies fighting in Europe because they were just that, the USA’s allies. But congress kept turning down FDRs pleas for help until he managed to convince congress to allow for the first Military draft and for the US to start building and selling arms to the Allied powers. This was when FDR decided to run for a 3rd term which he won by a landslide because people saw how he had started to help the economy grow bit by bit. In 1941, FDR got the Lend-Lease act to be approved. The Lend-Lease Act made it possible for the US to fully help the Allies by giving them arms and munitions. In order to provide these items for the Allies more jobs had to be created to produce the weapons and so thousands of jobs were created which helped the economy out that much more. The Lend-Lease Act also stopped all trade with Japan in an attempt to discourage them from continuing the atrocities they were committing over in China. This unfortunately provoked Japan into launching a preemptive strike on Pearl Harbor where over 2000 service men lost their lives and about 200 aircrafts were destroyed and 18 naval ships were lost. FDR immediately requested a declaration of war in his famous address to congress in which he quoted the attack on Pearl Harbor as â€Å"a day that will live in infamy. † FDR’s policy on isolationism and then all-out war is an extremely well thought out strategy considering the position the US was in. He wanted to help GB and France desperately but Congress wouldn’t help him at all. But he pushed and pushed till he finally succeeds and ultimately, helped the Allies push to victory and overcome the most outstanding odds against them. Franklin Delano Roosevelt is not only one of the best Presidents the USA has ever had, but he also had some of the most ingenious ideals for how to fix the economic crisis the US has ever faced, and then later one of the worst crisis the world has ever faced in World War Two. His plans or creating jobs worked unlike those of Hoover, and even though some of his programs failed, he learned from the failures only to make the successful programs even more helpful and long lasting for the US. To top his economic policies, his policies on World War Two were even better because he found a way to stay isolationist at the beginning where he could still make jobs by avoiding the war and then joining the war when it was absolutely crucial the US did, which ultimately ended up pulling the USA out of the Great Depression even if he were not alive to see them win the war and there to see the Great Depression end due to all the good he did for the USA. Nobody can argue that his ideals and policies were anything shy of some of the best of any president. How to cite The Ideals of Fdr, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Essay on sympathy and dislike for the chracter crooks in the book of mice and men free essay sample

Ca Essay on Crooks on why he has the most sympathy and dislike Steinbeck creates sympathy for crooks with his creation of his appearance to us; he is a â€Å"busted back nigger,† which gives us the impression that he can’t do anything Manuel because of his back, with this problem he might be concede as useless by the fact that he works on a ranch and while he is only a stable buck, it still concedes quite a lot for a man with severe back problems who should really be having medical help rather than cleaning out the stables. With his appearance it creates sympathy because of these reasons it makes us give him our sympathy but it also makes us feel privilege because we are lucky to have such good health care and support but in the 1930’s where this book is set in, they didn’t have this and so that is how Steinbeck creates sympathy for crooks with his appearance Steinbeck also creates sympathy for Crooks with him being black in a time where they were not equal to white men. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on sympathy and dislike for the chracter crooks in the book of mice and men or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the book, the white men do not call him by his own name when they are asking for his help but address him with the term â€Å"nigger† which is incredibly racist because it shows that he is just a black man and they do not care about him because he is black. Steinbeck makes the reader feel sympathy for him because of the characters refer to him as a â€Å"nigger† and in today’s society this would be a shocking thing to say to a black person but in those times, it was the norm and this makes us have sympathy for him because of the inequality in the time that he is living in. Also there are casual racist remarks in the book that go unnoticed with them banning him from the bunkhouse and only at Christmas â€Å"they let the nigger in† which is some kind of special treat for a black person in those days to actually be allowed to be in a white man room. Steinbeck uses discrimination in his book to make the reader have sympathy for crooks because when Curley’s wife tells him that she could â€Å"get him strung up by a tree so easy, it ain’t even funny† for being black. This makes the reader have sympathy for crooks because he has done nothing wrong how ether his race makes him less equal to a white person as he does not have the same rights to them. .